Siegfried Sassoon - The Hero

'Jack fell as he'd have wished,' the mother said,

And folded up the letter that she'd read.

'The Colonel writes so nicely.' Something broke

In the tired voice that quivered to a choke.

She half looked up. 'We mothers are so proud

Of our dead soldiers.' Then her face was bowed.

Quietly the Brother Officer went out.

He'd told the poor old dear some gallant lies

That she would nourish all her days, no doubt

For while he coughed and mumbled, her weak eyes

Had shone with gentle triumph, brimmed with joy,

Because he'd been so brave, her glorious boy.

He thought how 'Jack', cold-footed, useless swine,

Had panicked down the trench that night the mine

Went up at Wicked Corner; how he'd tried

To get sent home, and how, at last, he died,

Blown to small bits. And no one seemed to care

Except that lonely woman with white hair.

What is a hero? Is it someone who rushes into something without thinking, always brave, always bold, or is it someone who fights despite being terrified?

What is the poem about?

A mother receives news that her son has died, and reads the letter written to her from the Colonel. She is happy that her son died a hero. We are then told that “Jack” was not the courageous man she has been told he was; he panicked and tried to get himself sent home sick. The poem highlights how little the civilians know of the war and how so many lies are told. It also shows the reality of what the men live through, and how little they are appreciated.

Structure

3 stanzas of regular length and rhythm. Stanzas 1 and 3 are both composed of rhyming couplets which usually suggest an end to something – perhaps highlighting the end of “Jack”’s life? This structure also helps to tie the two stanzas together: the opening where Jack is a hero and the mother is proud because of the lies told about her son, and the third stanza where the reality of Jack’s cowardice is shown.

Language

Like “Lamentations”, the dead soldier and his mother are quite symbolic of dead soldiers and mothers in general; he is called “Jack”, a very common English name (think “Jack the Lad”), and the mother is referred to only as “the Mother”, capitalised to show her generic (generalised) role in the poem. The poem opens with a conversation to draw the reader in. The mother is shown to be appreciative and drawing comfort from the Colonel’s letter: “The Colonel writes so nicely”. We feel sorry for the mother throughout the poem through the way Sassoon describes her: she has a “tired voice”, she has “weak eyes”, she is a “lonely woman with white hair”. She draws a lot of comfort from what she is told about her “glorious boy”, perhaps suggesting that these sort of lies that are told to those at home have a purpose; they will help to “nourish all her days” now she has lost her son.

“We mothers are so proud/Of our dead soldiers” – again, the mothers are grouped together. The use of “our” suggests a possession of the men now that the country has no more use for them, and the whole statement hints that perhaps the mothers are the only ones who are really proud, which is supported by the final sad lines: “And no one seemed to care/Except that lonely woman with white hair” – these are made extra sad because of the alliteration (woman, white) which slows the whole line down.

The reality of Jack’s cowardice is brought home through the harsh descriptions of him: “cold-footed, useless swine”. “Wicked Corner” gives the poem a specific and realistic element. His death is very violent (in comparison with “Lamentations”) as he is “Blown to small bits” – do you think his mother was told this??

The name of “the Brother Officer” could be seen as ironic as he is not very brotherly towards Jack, describing his mother as “the poor old dear” which is quite patronising.

Who is the real hero?

Is it Jack, who fought despite being terrified?

Is it the Brother Officer who clearly thinks himself much braver and more powerful than Jack, telling “gallant lies”?

Is it the Mother, whose eyes shine with “gentle triumph” and is managing to keep going despite the loss of her son?

In summary

•      A mother being told the news that her son has died in the war

•      An ironic or ambiguous title?

•      Poet builds sympathy for the mother and son, whilst criticising the way soldiers like “Jack” were regarded and treated.

Siegfried Sassoon - Lamentations

I found him in the guard-room at the Base.

From the blind darkness I had heard his crying

And blundered in. With puzzled, patient face

A sergeant watched him; it was no good trying

To stop it; for he howled and beat his chest.

And, all because his brother had gone west,

Raved at the bleeding war; his rampant grief

Moaned, shouted, sobbed, and choked, while he was kneeling

Half-naked on the floor. In my belief

Such men have lost all patriotic feeling.

Key words

•      Patriotism – love or devotion to your country; if you are patriotic, you would be willing to die for it. Early war poems can be described as patriotic.

•      Euphemism – an indirect expression for something which is considered too harsh to be spoken about directly. Often used for death e.g. “passed away”

•      Lamentation – a passionate cry of grief or sorrow

What is the poem about?

The speaker stumbles upon an ordinary soldier sobbing and wailing uncontrollably following the death of his brother. The speaker and the sergeant watching the soldier are unable to understand his grief and misery, but the speaker concludes at the end that it is such experiences as this that have caused patriotism to die.

Structure

•      The poem is intended to be an eyewitness account of an event

•      How does the poet’s use of enjambment (run-on lines) help to create a sense of this being something recalled from memory? – it sounds just like someone telling a story, with little organisation. You wouldn’t tell someone a story in perfect verse; neither does Sassoon!

•      The rhyme however is regular which helps to bring the poem together as a whole and makes it more coherent (sound more ordered and persuasive).

Language

The grieving man is never given a name, referred to as “him” which gives him both a sense of anonymity (as though no one can be bothered to find out his name) but also makes him representative of all the soldiers: he could be anyone and everyone. The speaker “blundered” in, suggesting a lack of care and also shows the lack of privacy in the war; this man is unable to deal with his grief on his own. The man is shown to be completely devastated, through the use of powerful verbs: “Moaned, shouted, sobbed and choked”. He “beat[s] his chest” like someone completely uncivilised, almost animal-like, and howls. He is also “Half-naked on the floor”, against suggesting he is uncivilised, but also very undignified (like grief) and vulnerable. The fact he is “kneeling” could refer to his innocence, as you kneel when you pray, and could also suggest a break-down in traditional religion; prayer is unable to give him any comfort now.

The speaker and the sergeant watching this seem quite hard-hearted. The sergeant watches with “puzzled, patient face” – he doesn’t sound completely horrible, but he is unable to understand why the man is behaving like this (emphasised through the alliteration). The death of a soldier happens all the time, and so it’s almost as though they expect the man to just get on with it.

The ending is quite a bold straightforward statement, and is quite difficult to argue with: could you blame anyone for losing their patriotic feeling when their brother has died and their grief is viewed as something quite strange? The title itself, “Lamentations”, could therefore refer not only to the man’s grief, but also possibly the death of patriotism.

Euphemism

•      “And, all because his brother had gone west” – this is a euphemism for death – the sun sets in the west and therefore this a symbol for dying.

•      Does that sound like a particularly violent death? The sun goes down every day, which makes it sound quite common and natural – when we know that the man’s brother has almost certainly died in a brutal way.

•      This euphemism, and the off-hand way the poet puts it, makes the man’s reason for grieving and behaving in this way sound as though it is no big deal. The war has had a completely de-humanising effect on the speaker and the sergeant – they seem somewhat unable to understand why anyone would react in this way.

In summary

•      An account of a man’s uncontrollable grief due to the death of his brother.

•      Suggests that death is nothing unusual and that such wild grief is an unexpected reaction to such news.

•      An ambiguous (unclear) title

•      An exposure of the realities of war and an attack on the ideas of patriotism